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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Litopterna</span></h1>
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<table cellpadding="2" class="float-right palaeobox taxobox infobox" id="Vorlage_Taxobox" style="width:300px;margin-top:0.5em;" summary="Taxobox">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Litopterna
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="taxo-bild" style="font-size:smaller;">
<p><i><a href="Macrauchenia" title="Macrauchenia">Macrauchenia</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Erdzeitalter" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdzeitalter">Zeitliches Auftreten</a>
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<td class="taxo-zeit"><a href="Pal%C3%A4oz%C3%A4n" title="Paläozän">Paläozän</a> bis <a href="Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän">Pleistozän</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="taxo-zeit">65 <a href="Mya_(Zeitskala)" title="Mya (Zeitskala)">Mio. Jahre</a> bis 4.000 Jahre
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Fossil" title="Fossil">Fundorte</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="taxo-ort">
<ul><li><a href="S%C3%BCdamerika" title="Südamerika">Südamerika</a></li>
<li><a href="Antarktis" title="Antarktis">Antarktis</a></li></ul>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie)">Systematik</a>
</th></tr>
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<table class="toptextcells" style="width:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2"><a href="S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere">Säugetiere</a> (Mammalia)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><a href="H%C3%B6here_S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Höhere Säugetiere">Höhere Säugetiere</a> (Eutheria)
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<tr>
<td colspan="2"><a href="Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><a href="Scrotifera" title="Scrotifera">Scrotifera</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><a href="S%C3%BCdamerikanische_Huftiere" title="Südamerikanische Huftiere">Südamerikanische Huftiere</a> (Meridiungulata)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">Litopterna
</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Nomenklatur_(Biologie)" title="Nomenklatur (Biologie)">Wissenschaftlicher Name</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="taxo-name">Litopterna
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="Person"><a href="Florentino_Ameghino" title="Florentino Ameghino">Ameghino</a>, 1889
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Die <b>Litopterna</b> (<a href="Griechische_Sprache" title="Griechische Sprache">Gr</a>.: <i>litós</i> = schlicht, glatt; <i>ptérna</i> = Ferse) sind eine ausgestorbene <a href="S%C3%A4ugetier" class="mw-redirect" title="Säugetier">Säugetiergruppe</a>, die während des <a href="K%C3%A4nozoikum" title="Känozoikum">Känozoikums</a> in <a href="S%C3%BCdamerika" title="Südamerika">Südamerika</a> gelebt hat und deren letzte Vertreter erst am Ende des <a href="Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän">Pleistozäns</a> oder im Mittleren <a href="Holoz%C3%A4n" title="Holozän">Holozän</a> ausgestorben sind.
</p><p>Sie werden zu den <a href="S%C3%BCdamerikanische_Huftiere" title="Südamerikanische Huftiere">Südamerikanischen Huftieren</a> (Meridiungulata) gerechnet, einer Säugetiergruppe, deren Vertreter im geographisch isolierten Südamerika während des Känozoikums eine große Vielfalt erreicht und eine starke <a href="Adaptive_Radiation" title="Adaptive Radiation">adaptive Radiation</a> durchgemacht haben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merkmale">Merkmale</h2></div>
<p>Die Litopterna sind im Allgemeinen durch eine Verlängerung der Gliedmaßen und eine Reduktion der Zehenanzahl charakterisiert, was dazu führte, dass manche Vertreter äußerlich stark an <a href="Kamele" title="Kamele">Kamele</a> oder <a href="Pferde" title="Pferde">Pferde</a> erinnerten und vermutlich auch ähnliche <a href="%C3%96kologische_Nische" title="Ökologische Nische">ökologische Nischen</a> besetzten. Die Zähne waren relativ einfach und zeigten im Gegensatz zu anderen Südamerikanischen Huftieren keine große Spezialisierung. Die Litopterna ernährten sich vermutlich von verschiedenen Pflanzen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entwicklungsgeschichte">Entwicklungsgeschichte</h2></div>
<p>Die Litopterna sind erstmals im <a href="Pal%C3%A4oz%C3%A4n" title="Paläozän">Paläozän</a> belegt, aus dem <a href="Eoz%C3%A4n" title="Eozän">Eozän</a> gibt es einzelne Funde vom <a href="Antarktis" title="Antarktis">antarktischen</a> Kontinent, der damals noch mit Südamerika verbunden war und ein wärmeres Klima aufwies als heute. Die meisten Vertreter starben allerdings mit der Entstehung des <a href="Isthmus_von_Panama" title="Isthmus von Panama">Isthmus von Panama</a> am Ende des <a href="Plioz%C3%A4n" title="Pliozän">Pliozäns</a> aus, da sie von den überlegenen <a href="Kamele" title="Kamele">Kamelen</a>, <a href="Pferde" title="Pferde">Pferden</a> und <a href="Hirsche" title="Hirsche">Hirschen</a>, die aus Nordamerika einwanderten, verdrängt wurden. Möglicherweise waren sie auch den neu eingewanderten Raubtieren, zu denen <a href="Hunde" title="Hunde">Hunde</a> und <a href="Katzen" title="Katzen">Katzen</a> gehörten, nicht gewachsen. Nur zwei Gattungen der Litopterna, nämlich <i>Windhausenia</i> und <i><a href="Macrauchenia" title="Macrauchenia">Macrauchenia</a></i> erwiesen sich als anpassungsfähig genug und überlebten den <a href="Gro%C3%9Fer_Amerikanischer_Faunenaustausch" title="Großer Amerikanischer Faunenaustausch">Großen Amerikanischen Faunenaustausch</a> bis zum Ende des Pleistozäns in Südamerika. Für <i>Xenorhinotherium</i> liegen die jüngsten Daten bei 3500 Jahren vor heute und damit im Mittleren <a href="Holoz%C3%A4n" title="Holozän">Holozän</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faria_et_al._2025_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faria_et_al._2025-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematik">Systematik</h2></div>
<p>Die Litopterna lassen sich in zwei Überfamilien mit gut einem Dutzend Familien aufteilen. Bedeutend sind unter anderem die Protolipternidae und die Notonychopidae, die beide im oberen <a href="Pal%C3%A4oz%C3%A4n" title="Paläozän">Paläozän</a> verbreitet waren.<sup id="cite_ref-Scherer_et_al._2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scherer_et_al._2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letztere enthält mit <i>Requisia</i> aus der Salamanca-Formation in <a href="Patagonien" title="Patagonien">Patagonien</a>, welche auf ein Alter von 64,7 bis 63,5 Millionen Jahren datiert, einen der frühesten Nachweise der Litopterna überhaupt.<sup id="cite_ref-Clyde_et_al._2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clyde_et_al._2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesentlich bekannter und formenreicher waren die <a href="Proterotheriidae" title="Proterotheriidae">Proterotheriidae</a> (Gr.: <i>próteros</i> = vorderer; <i>theríon</i> = Säugetier) und die <a href="Macraucheniidae" title="Macraucheniidae">Macraucheniidae</a> (Gr.: <i>macros</i> = lang; <i>auchenas</i> = Nacken). Beide Linien traten vom oberen Paläozän bis ins obere <a href="Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän">Pleistozän</a> auf.<sup id="cite_ref-Scherer_et_al._2009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scherer_et_al._2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Proterotheriidae zeigten eine besonders starke Reduktion der Zehenanzahl und damit eine Ähnlichkeit zu den <a href="Pferde" title="Pferde">Pferden</a>. Bekannte Vertreter sind <i>Diadiaphorus</i>, dessen Füße nur mehr mit einem Huf den Boden berührten und dessen Seitenzehen verkümmert waren und <i><a href="Thoatherium" title="Thoatherium">Thoatherium</a></i>, dessen Beine genau wie die der heutigen Pferde nur mehr in einem einzigen Huf endeten. Die Macraucheniidae dagegen werden aufgrund ihres langen Halses, der verlängerten Gliedmaßen und der breiten Füßen oft als <a href="Kamele" title="Kamele">kamelähnlich</a> beschrieben. Abweichend zu diesen endeten ihre Füße aber in drei Zehen. Der bekannteste Vertreter dieser Gruppe ist <i><a href="Macrauchenia" title="Macrauchenia">Macrauchenia</a></i>, der möglicherweise einen kurzen Rüssel hatte und bis zum Ende des Pleistozäns überlebte.<sup id="cite_ref-Farina_et_al._2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farina_et_al._2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Innere Systematik nach McKenna & Bell:<sup id="cite_ref-McKenna_et_al._1997_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenna_et_al._1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Ordnung Litopterna <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261921330">
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</style><span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1889</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Megamys</i> <span class="Person h-card">d’Orbigny & Laurillard</span>, 1837</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Familie Protolipternidae <span class="Person h-card">Cifelli</span>, 1983</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Protolipterna</i> <span class="Person h-card">Cifelli</span>, 1983</li>
<li><i>Miguelsoria</i> <span class="Person h-card">Cifelli</span>, 1983</li>
<li><i>Asmithwoodwardia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1901</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Familie Notonychopidae <span class="Person h-card">Soria</span>, 1989</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Requisia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Bonaparte & Morales</span>, 1997<sup id="cite_ref-Bonaparte_et_al._1997_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonaparte_et_al._1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Notonychops</i> <span class="Person h-card">Soria</span>, 1989</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Familie Sparnotheriodontidae <span class="Person h-card">Soria</span>, 1980</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Notiolofos</i> <span class="Person h-card">Bond, Reguero, Vizcaíno, Marenssi & Ortiz Jaureguizar</span>, 2009<sup id="cite_ref-Bond_et_al._2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bond_et_al._2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bond_et_al._2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bond_et_al._2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Victorlemoinea</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1901</li>
<li><i>Phoradiadius</i> <span class="Person h-card">Simpson, Minoprio & Patterson</span>, 1962</li>
<li><i>Sparnotheriodon</i> <span class="Person h-card">Soria</span>, 1980</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Familie Indaleciidae <span class="Person h-card">Bond & Vucetich</span>, 1983</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Indalecia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Bond & Vucetich</span>, 1983</li>
<li><i>Adiantoides</i> <span class="Person h-card">Simpson & Minoprio</span>, 1949</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Überfamilie Macrauchenioidea <span class="Person h-card">Gervais</span>, 1855</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li>Familie <a href="Macraucheniidae" title="Macraucheniidae">Macraucheniidae</a> <span class="Person h-card">Gervais</span>, 1855</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Llullataruca</i> <span class="Person h-card">McGrath, Anaya & Croft</span>, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-McGrath_et_al._2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrath_et_al._2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Unterfamilie Polymorphinae <span class="Person h-card">Simpson</span>, 1945</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Polymorphis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Roth</span>, 1899</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Unterfamilie Cramaucheniinae <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1902</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Pternoconius</i> <span class="Person h-card">Cifelli & Soria</span>, 1983</li>
<li><i>Caliphrium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1895</li>
<li><i>Cramauchenia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1902</li>
<li><i>Theosodon</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1887</li>
<li><i>Phoenixauchenia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1904</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Unterfamilie Macraucheniinae <span class="Person h-card">Gervais</span>, 1855</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Paranauchenia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1904</li>
<li><i>Oxydontherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1883</li>
<li><i>Scalabrinitherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1883</li>
<li><i>Cullinia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Cabrera & Kraglievich</span>, 1931</li>
<li><i>Micrauchenia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Püschel, Alarcón-Muñoz, Soto-Acuña, Ugalde, Shelley & Brusatte</span>, 2023<sup id="cite_ref-Püschel_et_al._2023_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Püschel_et_al._2023-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Huayqueriana</i> <span class="Person h-card">Kraglievich</span>, 1934 (Syn. <i>Macrauchenidia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Cabrera</span>, 1939)<sup id="cite_ref-Forasiepi_et_al.,_2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forasiepi_et_al.,_2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Promacrauchenia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1904</li>
<li><i>Windhausenia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Kraglievich</span>, 1930</li>
<li><i><a href="Macrauchenia" title="Macrauchenia">Macrauchenia</a></i> <span class="Person h-card">Owen</span>, 1838</li>
<li><i>Xenorhinotherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Cartelle & Lessa</span>, 1988</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Familie Adianthidae <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1891</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Proectocion</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1904</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Unterfamilie Adianthinae <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1891</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Proadiantus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1897</li>
<li><i>Thadanius</i> <span class="Person h-card">Cifelli & Soria</span>, 1983</li>
<li><i>Tricoelodus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1897</li>
<li><i>Proheptaconus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Bordas</span>, 1936</li>
<li><i>Adianthus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1891</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Überfamilie Proterotherioidea <span class="Person h-card">Cifelli</span>, 1983</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li>Familie <a href="Proterotheriidae" title="Proterotheriidae">Proterotheriidae</a> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1887</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Pseudobrachytherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Corona, Badín, Perea, Ubilla & Schmidt</span>, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-Corona_et_al._2020_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corona_et_al._2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Unterfamilie Anisolambdinae <span class="Person h-card">Cifelli</span>, 1983</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Paranisolambda</i> <span class="Person h-card">Cifelli</span>, 1983</li>
<li><i>Promylophis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Shockey, White, Anaya & McGrath</span>, 2023<sup id="cite_ref-Shockey_et_al._2023_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shockey_et_al._2023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Lambdaconops</i> <span class="Person h-card">Soria</span>, 2001<sup id="cite_ref-Soria_2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soria_2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Guilielmofloweria</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1901</li>
<li><i>Eolicaphrium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1902</li>
<li><i>Anisolambda</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1901</li>
<li><i>Wainka</i> <span class="Person h-card">Simpson</span>, 1935</li>
<li><i>Xesmodon</i> <span class="Person h-card">Berg</span>, 1899</li>
<li><i>Protheosodon</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1897</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Unterfamilie Megadolodinae <span class="Person h-card">Cifelli & Villarroel</span>, 1997<sup id="cite_ref-Cifelli_et_al._1997_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cifelli_et_al._1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Megadolodus</i> <span class="Person h-card">McKenna</span>, 1956</li>
<li><i>Bounodus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Carlini, Gelfo & Sanchez</span>, 2006<sup id="cite_ref-Carlini_et_al._2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlini_et_al._2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Unterfamilie Proterotheriinae <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1885</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i>Eoauchenia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1887</li>
<li><i>Deuterotherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1895</li>
<li><i>Olisanophus</i> <span class="Person h-card">McGrath, Anaya & Croft</span>, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-McGrath_et_al._2020_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrath_et_al._2020-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Prolicaphrium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1902</li>
<li><i>Picturotherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Kramarz & Bond</span>, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Kramarz_et_al._2005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramarz_et_al._2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Lambdaconus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1897 (syn. <i>Eoproterotherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1904 <i>Prothoatherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1902)<sup id="cite_ref-McGrath_et_al._2020_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrath_et_al._2020-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Paramacrauchenia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Bordas</span>, 1939</li>
<li><i>Anisolophus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Burmeister</span>, 1885 (Syn. <i>Licaphrium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1887)</li>
<li><i>Tetramerorhinus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1897</li>
<li><i>Brachytherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1883 (syn. <i>Lophogonodon</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1904)<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Villarroelia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Cifelli & Guerrero</span>, 1997<sup id="cite_ref-Cifelli_et_al._1997b_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cifelli_et_al._1997b-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Uruguayodon</i> <span class="Person h-card">Corona, Perea & Ubilla</span>, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-Corona_et_al._2019_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corona_et_al._2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Diadiaphorus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1887</li>
<li><i>Thoatheriopsis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Soria</span>, 2001<sup id="cite_ref-Soria_2001_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soria_2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="Thoatherium" title="Thoatherium">Thoatherium</a></i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1887</li>
<li><i>Neobrachytherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Soria</span>, 2001<sup id="cite_ref-Soria_2001_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soria_2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Epitherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1883</li>
<li><i>Epecuenia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Cabrera</span>, 1939</li>
<li><i>Diplasiotherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Rovereto</span>, 1914</li>
<li><i>Proterotherium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Ameghino</span>, 1883</li>
<li><i>Neolicaphrium</i> <span class="Person h-card">Frenguelli</span>, 1921</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>T. S. Kemp: <i>The Origin and Evolution of Mammals.</i> Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-850761-5</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Faria_et_al._2025-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Faria_et_al._2025_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Fábio Henrique Cortes Faria, Ismar de Souza Carvalho, Hermínio Ismael de Araújo-Júnior, Celso Lira Ximenes und Edna Maria Facincani: <i>3,500 years BP: The last survival of the mammal megafauna in the Americas.</i> Journal of South American Earth Sciences 153, 2025, S. 105367, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2025.105367" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2025.105367">doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2025.105367</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Scherer_et_al._2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Scherer_et_al._2009_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Scherer_et_al._2009_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Carolina Saldhana Scherer, Vanessa Gregis Pitana und Ana Maria Ribeiro: <i>Proterotheriidae and Macraucheniidae (Litopterna, Mammalia) from the Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.</i> Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 12 (3), 2009, S. 231–246, <a href="https://doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2009.3.06" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.4072/rbp.2009.3.06">doi:10.4072/rbp.2009.3.06</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Clyde_et_al._2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Clyde_et_al._2014_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
William C. Clyde, Peter Wilf, Ari Iglesias, Rudy L. Slingerland, Timothy Barnum, Peter K. Bijl, Timothy J. Bralower, Henk Brinkhuis, Emily E. Comer, Brian T. Huber, Mauricio Ibañez-Mejia, Brian R. Jicha, J. Marcelo Krause, Jonathan D. Schueth, Bradley S. Singer, María Sol Raigemborn, Mark D. Schmit, Appy Sluijs und María del Carmen Zamaloa: <i>New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations.</i> Geological Society of America Bulletin 126 (3/4), 2014, S. 289–306.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Farina_et_al._2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Farina_et_al._2013_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Richard M. Fariña, Sergio F. Vizcaíno und Gerardo de Iuliis: <i>Megafauna. Giant beasts of Pleistocene South America.</i> Indiana University Press, Bloomington und Indianapolis, 2013, S. 1–436.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-McKenna_et_al._1997-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McKenna_et_al._1997_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Malcolm C. McKenna und Susan K. Bell: <i>Classification of mammals above the species level.</i> Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, S. 1–631 (S. 451–454).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bonaparte_et_al._1997-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bonaparte_et_al._1997_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
J. F. Bonaparte und J. Morales: <i>Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Palaeoceno Inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina.</i> Estudios Geológicos 53, 1997, S. 263–274.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bond_et_al._2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bond_et_al._2006_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
M. Bond, M. A. Reguero, S. F. Vizcaíno und S. A. Marenssi: <i>A new ‘South American ungulate’ (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula.</i> In: J. E. Francis, D. Pirrie und J. A. Crane (Hrsg.): <i>Cretaceous–Tertiary High-Latitude Palaeoenvironments, James Ross Basin, Antarctica.</i> Geological Society, London, Special Publications 258, 2006, S. 163–176.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bond_et_al._2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bond_et_al._2009_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Mariano Bond, Marcelo A. Reguero, Sergio F. Vizcaíno, Sergio A. Marenssi und Edgardo Ortiz-Jaureguizar: <i>Notiolofos, a replacement name for Notolophus Bond, Reguero, Vizcaíno, and Marenssi, 2006, a preoccupied name.</i> In: <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.</i> 29 (3), 2009, S. 979.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-McGrath_et_al._2018-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_et_al._2018_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Andrew McGrath, Federico Anaya und Darin A. Croft: <i>Two new macraucheniids (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the late middle Miocene (Laventan South American Land Mammal Age) of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia.</i> Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2018, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2018.1461632" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1461632">doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1461632</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Püschel_et_al._2023-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Püschel_et_al._2023_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Hans P. Püschel, Jhonatan Alarcón-Muñoz, Sergio Soto-Acuña, Raúl Ugalde, Sarah L. Shelley und Stephen L. Brusatte: <i>Anatomy and phylogeny of a new small macraucheniid (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Bahía Inglesa Formation (late Miocene), Atacama Region, Northern Chile.</i> Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2023, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-022-09646-0" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09646-0">doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09646-0</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Forasiepi_et_al.,_2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Forasiepi_et_al.,_2016_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Analía M. Forasiepi, Ross D. E. MacPhee, Santiago H. Del Pino, Gabriela I. Schmidt, Eli Amson und Camille Grohé: <i>Exceptional Skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, and Paleobiological Implications.</i> Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 404, 2016, 76 S. 1–75 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Camille-Grohe/publication/305045188_Exceptional_Skull_of_Huayqueriana_Mammalia_Litopterna_Macraucheniidae_From_the_Late_Miocene_of_Argentina_Anatomy_Systematics_and_Paleobiological_Implications/links/5e675766a6fdcc37dd1606ef/Exceptional-Skull-of-Huayqueriana-Mammalia-Litopterna-Macraucheniidae-From-the-Late-Miocene-of-Argentina-Anatomy-Systematics-and-Paleobiological-Implications.pdf">Digitalisat</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Corona_et_al._2020-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Corona_et_al._2020_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Andrea Corona, Ana Clara Badín, Daniel Perea, Martín Ubilla und Gabriela Inés Schmidt: <i>A new genus and species and additional reports of the native South American ungulates Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Late Miocene of Uruguay.</i> Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 2020, S. 102646, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102646" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102646">doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102646</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Shockey_et_al._2023-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shockey_et_al._2023_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Bruce J. Shockey, Emily White, Federico Anaya und Andrew McGrath: <i>A new proterotheriid (Mammalia, Litopterna) from the Salla Beds of Bolivia (upper Oligocene): phylogeny and litoptern patellar pit knee locks.</i> Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2023, S. e2162409, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2022.2162409" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1080/02724634.2022.2162409">doi:10.1080/02724634.2022.2162409</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Soria_2001-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Soria_2001_14-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Soria_2001_14-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Soria_2001_14-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Miguel Fernando Soria: <i>Los Proterotheriidae (Litopterna, Mammalia), sistemática, origen y filogenia.</i> Monografías del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales1, 2001, S. 1–167.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cifelli_et_al._1997-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cifelli_et_al._1997_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Richard L. Cifelli und Carlos Villarroel: <i>Paleobiology and affinities of Megadolodus.</i> In: Richard F. Kay, Richard H. Madden, Richard L. Cifelli und John J. Flynn (Hrsg.): <i>Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia.</i> Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1997, S. 265–288.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Carlini_et_al._2006-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Carlini_et_al._2006_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Alfredo A. Carlini, Javier N. Gelfo und Rodolfo Sánchez: <i>A new Megadolodinae (Mammalia, Litopterna, Protherotheriidae) from the Urumaco Formation (Late Miocene) of Venezuela.</i> Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4 (3), 2006, S. 279–284.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-McGrath_et_al._2020-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_et_al._2020_17-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_et_al._2020_17-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Andrew J. McGrath, Federico Anaya und Darin A. Croft: <i>New proterotheriids from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and body size and diversity trends in proterotheriid and macraucheniid litopterns (Mammalia).</i> Ameghiniana, 2020, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5710/AMGH.03.03.2020.3268" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.5710/AMGH.03.03.2020.3268">doi:10.5710/AMGH.03.03.2020.3268</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kramarz_et_al._2005-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kramarz_et_al._2005_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Alejandro G. Kramarz und Mariano Bond: <i>Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia.</i> Ameghiniana 42 (3), 2005, S. 611–625.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Schmidt_2015-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2015_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Gabriela Inés Schmidt: <i>Actualización sistemática y filogenia de los Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) del "Mesopotamiense" (Mioceno Tardío) de Entre Ríos, Argentina.</i> Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18 (3), 2015, S. 521–546, <a href="https://doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2015.3.14" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.4072/rbp.2015.3.14">doi:10.4072/rbp.2015.3.14</a>. (<i>Brachytherium</i>-<i>Lophogonodon</i>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cifelli_et_al._1997b-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cifelli_et_al._1997b_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Richard L. Cifelli und Javier Guerrero: <i>Litopterns.</i> In: Richard F. Kay, Richard H. Madden, Richard L. Cifelli und John J. Flynn (Hrsg.): <i>Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia.</i> Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1997, S. 289–302.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Corona_et_al._2019-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Corona_et_al._2019_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Andrea Corona, Daniel Perea und Martín Ubilla: <i>A new genus of Proterotheriinae (Mammalia, Litopterna) from the Pleistocene of Uruguay.</i> Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2019, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1567523" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1567523">doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1567523</a>.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
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<ul><li>The Paleobiology Database: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=147593&is_real_user=1">Litopterna</a></li></ul>
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